Electrical charge

Содержание и основные понятия

The electrical charge determines the particle and body participation in the electromagnetic interaction. The same-name charges are pushed away, the different charges are drawn.
GEF · Grade 8
PIF · Baseline
Interactive model
charge
electron
Proton
Electricity
Electricalscope
01
The physical picture
What happens and what boundaries the model has.
Main message
The electrical charge determines the particle and body participation in the electromagnetic interaction. The same-name charges are pushed away, the different charges are drawn.
The charge is discrete and stolen from the elemental charge.
In a closed system, the algebraic amount of charges is retained.
The electricization of the charge does not come from anything: the electrons are redistributed between the bodies.
How to reason
First, name the system and the interaction, then select the values, and only then write down the law. The formula works within the model's assumptions.
02
Laws and values
Symbols should be read as a relationship of values, not as a recipe for substitution.
q
=
N
e
q=Ne
q
=
N
e
charge quantization
q
1
+
q
2
+
⋯
=
c
o
n
s
t
q_1+q_2+\dots=\mathrm{const}
q
1
​
+
q
2
​
+
⋯
=
const
charge retention
Review of the situation
When the glass is wiped, electrons move between the materials: one body receives an excess of the material, the other the same deficiency in the module.
04
Links and application
In the real world
When the glass is wiped, electrons move between the materials: one body receives an excess of the material, the other the same deficiency in the module.
Model verification
Compare the prediction with observation, evaluate the units, the order of magnitude and the influence of the factors not taken into account. Disparity does not always mean an error of law: often idealization is no longer sufficient.
C
What needs to be understood
Outcome 1
Explain the physical meaning of the topic "Electric charge" through the model, not just the formula.
Outcome 2
Clear and correctly use the terms charge, electron, proton.
Outcome 3
Indicate the conditions for the applicability of the law, verify units and limit cases.
T
Terms of the topic
The definition should indicate the physical meaning, not a substitute for a domestic synonym.
charge
A scalar physical value that determines the body's involvement in electromagnetic interaction.
electron
Steady elemental particle with negative elementary electrical charge.
Proton
A positive charged nuclone with a module charge equals an electron charge.
Electricity
Redistribution of electrons resulting in non-zero total charge in the bodies.
Electricalscope
Electrical charge detection instrument for charged parts interaction.
F
Origin and conclusion of the formulas
The fundamental law cannot be "proven" by algebras: for each record, it is stated whether it is a definition, an experimental law, or a model effect.
q
=
N
e
q=Ne
q
=
N
e
Postulate or Model
Charging Quantity.
The following is an indication of the definition, experience or law from which this entry arises and where it is applicable.
e
=
1,602
⋅
10
−
19
C
e=1{,}602\cdot10^{-19}\,\mathrm{C}
e
=
1
,
602
⋅
1
0
−
19
C
Experiments install the elementary charge module e.
N
∈
Z
N\in\mathbb{Z}
N
∈
Z
The excess or lack of electrons is expressed by an entire number; the N sign gives the resultant charge mark.
q
=
N
e
q=Ne
q
=
N
e
A disaggregated model of the substance states that the observed charge is acreative; it's a quantum, not an algebraic conclusion.
Conditions:
Normal macroscopic bodies and free particles outside the discussion of fractional charges of quarks; N is an entire number with a sign.
Monitoring:
The dimensions of both parts shall coincide; the result shall be checked for sign, order and limit case.
q
1
+
q
2
+
⋯
=
c
o
n
s
t
q_1+q_2+\dots=\mathrm{const}
q
1
​
+
q
2
​
+
⋯
=
const
Postulate or Model
Maintaining charge.
The following is an indication of the definition, experience or law from which this entry arises and where it is applicable.
Q
сист
=
∑
i
q
i
Q_{\text{сист}}=\sum_i q_i
Q
cyst
​
=
i
∑
​
q
i
​
The full charge of the system is defined as the algebraic sum of all of its parts.
Δ
Q
сист
=
0
\Delta Q_{\text{сист}}=0
Δ
Q
cyst
​
=
0
The charge retention law is experimentally established: within an isolated charge system only redistributes.
∑
i
q
i
=
c
o
n
s
t
\sum_i q_i=\mathrm{const}
i
∑
​
q
i
​
=
const
Therefore, the amount of charges before and after any internal process is the same.
Conditions:
Electrically isolated; if the charge crosses the border, its flow and discharge need to be included in the balance sheet.
Monitoring:
The dimensions of both parts shall coincide; the result shall be checked for sign, order and limit case.
!
Model boundaries and typical errors
Error: Forget model condition
The key condition of this subject is that the charge is discretionary and is stolen from the elemental charge.
How to Check the Mind
In a closed system, the algebraic charge sum is retained. Then check the unit, vector direction and result behaviour at zero or very large parameter.
Σ
Conclusion on the topic
Electrical charge
The electrical charge determines the particle and body participation in the electromagnetic interaction. The same-name charges are pushed away, the different charges are drawn.
The charge is discrete and stolen from the elemental charge.
In a closed system, the algebraic amount of charges is retained.
Any numerical result shall be accompanied by a unit, a sign and an explanation of its physical meaning.
The content is consistent with the FRP on Physics of the OS/OSS 2025 and the subject matter of the current lines of the PNP: I. M. Peryškin and co-authors (7–9), G. J. Mäkishev and coauthors (10–11), and with the lines "Engineers of the Future" and V. A. Kasyanov. The original texts are not reproduced, the text of the textbooks is not reproduced.