The law of the Kulon and tension

Содержание и основные понятия

The precision charges interact with a force proportional to the charge product and inversely proportional to a distance square. The field allows a description of the source ' s action regardless of the test charge.
GEF · 10 grade
PIF · Baseline
Interactive model
Point charge
The law of the Kulon
Voltage
Superposition
01
The physical picture
What happens and what boundaries the model has.
Main message
The precision charges interact with a force proportional to the charge product and inversely proportional to a distance square. The field allows a description of the source ' s action regardless of the test charge.
The law applies to point charges and spherical symmetrical distributions outside them.
The voltages of several charges add up vectorically.
A homogeneous field between large parallel plates has almost constant tension.
How to reason
First, name the system and the interaction, then select the values, and only then write down the law. The formula works within the model's assumptions.
02
Laws and values
Symbols should be read as a relationship of values, not as a recipe for substitution.
F
=
k
∣
q
1
q
2
∣
r
2
F=k\frac{|q_1q_2|}{r^2}
F
=
k
r
2
∣
q
1
​
q
2
​
∣
​
The law of the Kulon
E
=
k
∣
q
∣
r
2
E=k\frac{|q|}{r^2}
E
=
k
r
2
∣
q
∣
​
Point charge field
Review of the situation
Double the distance between the point charges reduces the interaction by four times.
04
Links and application
In the real world
Double the distance between the point charges reduces the interaction by four times.
Model verification
Compare the prediction with observation, evaluate the units, the order of magnitude and the influence of the factors not taken into account. Disparity does not always mean an error of law: often idealization is no longer sufficient.
C
What needs to be understood
Outcome 1
Explain the physical meaning of "Culon Law and Tension" through a model, not just a formula.
Outcome 2
Clear and correctly use the terms: point charge, Kulon law, tension.
Outcome 3
Indicate the conditions for the applicability of the law, verify units and limit cases.
T
Terms of the topic
The definition should indicate the physical meaning, not a substitute for a domestic synonym.
Point charge
A model of a loaded body that can be neglected compared to the distance of the task.
The law of the Kulon
Experimental law of static point charge interaction: force proportional to the charge product and inversely proportional to distance square.
Voltage
Vector force characteristic of the electric field: Force per single positive test charge.
Superposition
The principle of independent addition of multiple source deposits to the resulting field or traffic.
F
Origin and conclusion of the formulas
The fundamental law cannot be "proven" by algebras: for each record, it is stated whether it is a definition, an experimental law, or a model effect.
F
=
k
∣
q
1
q
2
∣
r
2
F=k\frac{|q_1q_2|}{r^2}
F
=
k
r
2
∣
q
1
​
q
2
​
∣
​
empirical law
The law of the pendant.
The following is an indication of the definition, experience or law from which this entry arises and where it is applicable.
F
∝
∣
q
1
q
2
∣
F\propto|q_1q_2|
F
∝
∣
q
1
​
q
2
​
∣
Experience shows that the force module is proportional to the work of the point charge modules.
F
∝
1
r
2
F\propto\frac{1}{r^2}
F
∝
r
2
1
​
Crutile measurements give the law of inverse squares to depend on distance.
F
=
k
∣
q
1
q
2
∣
r
2
F=k\frac{|q_1q_2|}{r^2}
F
=
k
r
2
∣
q
1
​
q
2
​
∣
​
The k coefficient is set by the unit system and the properties of the environment; the direction of force is on the line between the charges.
Conditions:
Fixed point charges or spherical-symmetric distributions, distance is much larger than body size; in a homogeneous isotropic environment k = 1/(4°).
Monitoring:
The dimensions of both parts shall coincide; the result shall be checked for sign, order and limit case.
E
=
k
∣
q
∣
r
2
E=k\frac{|q|}{r^2}
E
=
k
r
2
∣
q
∣
​
model effect
Point charge field.
The following is an indication of the definition, experience or law from which this entry arises and where it is applicable.
F
=
k
∣
q
q
0
∣
r
2
F=k\frac{|q q_0|}{r^2}
F
=
k
r
2
∣
q
q
0
​
∣
​
According to the law of the Kulon, the charge q operates on a small test charge q0.
E
≡
F
∣
q
0
∣
E\equiv\frac{F}{|q_0|}
E
≡
∣
q
0
​
∣
F
​
The voltage module is defined as the force on a single positive test charge.
E
=
k
∣
q
∣
r
2
E=k\frac{|q|}{r^2}
E
=
k
r
2
∣
q
∣
​
The test charge shall be reduced after the force has been divided by q0 .
Conditions:
The electrostatic field of a point or spherical symmetrical charge in a homogeneous isotropic environment; the test charge does not distort the reference field.
Monitoring:
The dimensions of both parts shall coincide; the result shall be checked for sign, order and limit case.
!
Model boundaries and typical errors
Error: Forget model condition
The formula cannot be transferred to any situation simply because of the overlap of letters. The key condition of this subject is that the Law applies to point charges and spherical symmetrical distributions outside them.
How to Check the Mind
The voltages of several charges add up vectorically. Then check the units, vector direction, and result behaviour at zero or very large parameter.
Σ
Conclusion on the topic
The law of the Kulon and tension
The precision charges interact with a force proportional to the charge product and inversely proportional to a distance square. The field allows a description of the source ' s action regardless of the test charge.
The law applies to point charges and spherical symmetrical distributions outside them.
The voltages of several charges add up vectorically.
Any numerical result shall be accompanied by a unit, a sign and an explanation of its physical meaning.
The content is consistent with the FRP on Physics of the OS/OSS 2025 and the subject matter of the current lines of the PNP: I. M. Peryškin and co-authors (7–9), G. J. Mäkishev and coauthors (10–11), and with the lines "Engineers of the Future" and V. A. Kasyanov. The original texts are not reproduced, the text of the textbooks is not reproduced.